Secondary distribution of Overhead | Criteria | Bases | Methods
|Table of Contents
Secondary distribution of Overhead
The production departments do not produce any goods and services without getting any service from the service departments. Hence, there is logic that the cost of production should include the costs of service departments. Based on this logic, the total expenses of service departments are to be apportioned only to the production departments on suitable basis.
The process of redistribution of cost of service departments among production departments on suitable basis is known as secondary distribution. In making the secondary distribution, there is a distinction of production departments and service departments.
Criteria for Secondary Distribution of Overhead
The following is the criteria for determining the basis for apportionment of cost of service departments among production departments.
1. Services Received.
2. Analysis of Survey or Survey of existing conditions.
3. The ability to pay basis.
4. Efficiency or Incentive method,
5. General use indices.
Bases for Secondary Distribution of Overhead
The following bases are commonly used by many organizations for second distribution of overhead.
Sl. No | Services Department | Basis for redistribution |
---|---|---|
1. | Employment Department. | Rate of labour turnover or number of employees in each department. |
2. | Maintenance and Repair shops, Planning & Progress, Tool room. | Direct Labour Hours, machine hours, Direct labour or wages, Asset value X hours worked. |
3. | Payroll or time department. | Total labour hours for each department. |
4. | Canteen and welfare, Hospital and Dispensary personnel Department, Timekeepin. | No. of direct labourers, No. of employees. |
5. | Purchase Department. | Number of purchase orders or value of material purchased for each department. |
6. | Computer section. | No. of cards punched, Computer hours. |
7. | Stores keeping. | Number of requisitions, quantity or value of material for each department. |
8. | Power house (Electric light cost). | Floor area, cubic content, No. of electric points. |
9. | Power house (electric power cost). | Wattage, Horse power, Kwh, Horse Power X Machine hours, Kwh X machine hours. |
10. | Building service department. | Relative area of each department. |
11. | Time and motion study. | Time spent for studies. |
12. | Crane service. | Crane hours worked or weight of material handled. |
13. | Transport department. | Crane hours; Truck hours, Truck milage, Truck tonnage, Truck ton-hours, Tonnage handled, No. of packages of standard size. |
14. | Fire Protection. | Capital values. |
15. | Inspection. | Inspection hours. |
Methods of Secondary Distribution of overhead (Redistribution)
First, the management should determine the basis for redistribution of service departments. Then, the actual redistribution can be done by any one of the following methods.
1. Direct Redistribution Method
Under this method, the costs of one service department are apportioned only to the production departments ignoring the service rendered by one service department to another. If this method is followed, the number of secondary distribution will be equal to number of service departments.
2. Step Method
This method is also known as non-reciprocal method. This method ignores the service rendered by one service department to another. Moreover, there is no two-way distribution of costs between two service departments. It means that the costs of one service department cannot be distributed to other service departments even though service rendered to them.
For example: Canteen expenses are distributed to stores department because canteen renders service to stores department employees. But, no part of stores department cost is not distributed to canteen even if stores department render service to canteen.
Sometimes, large service department costs are distributed first. Then, next large service department costs are distributed. In this way, least service department costs are distributed finally. The cost of last service department is distributed only among production departments. Some authors have the view of distribution of cost of service department with largest amount first.
3. Reciprocal Service Method
Under this method, the costs of one service department are distributed to other service department on the basis of rendering service. Here, there is a two-way distribution of costs between two service departments. It means that the costs of one service department can be distributed to other service departments if service rendered to them.
The full operating cost of a service department cannot be known till inter department transactions among the service department are taken into account. The service department costs may be controlled to some extent.
4. Trial and Error Method
Under this method, the cost of one service department is apportioned to another service department. Now, the cost of another service department plus the share of costs received from the first service department is again apportioned to first service department. In this way, this process is going on till the balancing figure becomes negligible.
5. Repeated Distribution Method
This method is otherwise called as continued distribution and attrition method. The service department costs are distributed to other service departments and production departments on agreed percentage. In this way, this process is repeated till the costs of service department are too small. Then, the costs of service department are distributed only among production department.
6. Simultaneous Equation Method
Under this method, the total costs of service departments are ascertained with the help of simultaneous equation. Then, the costs of service departments are apportioned on agreed percentage only among production departments.